1 pound is 1 pound, no matter what.
Doing the maths, they're equally cold: (-40°F-32)×5/9 = -40°C
Rivers' flow direction depends on the height, flowing from the highest to the lowest point.
Survivors should not be burried, for the sake of their health.
The surgeon can be any familly member, but the kid's dad.
PS: I haven't checked the answers, only used google maps for the 3rd question xD